The Forgotten Tribe: Struggles and Identity of the Bnei Menashe Amid Ethnic Violence in Manipur...

In the remote northeastern Indian state of Manipur, a region known for its cultural diversity and socio-political complexities, the Bnei Menashe community finds itself at the crossroads of identity and survival. Amid a devastating resurgence of ethnic violence, their precarious existence sheds light on the deeper struggles of marginalization, religious identity, and historical connection.

A Tenuous Peace Shattered

In recent weeks, Manipur has witnessed yet another wave of violence between the Kuki and Meitei ethnic groups, reigniting tensions that have simmered for decades. This conflict has led to the deaths of over 250 people and displaced tens of thousands since May 2023. Among those caught in this maelstrom are the Bnei Menashe, a small subset of the Kuki community. Their unique claim to Jewish ancestry and their dreams of aliyah—immigration to Israel—offer a striking narrative of faith and resilience in a region gripped by instability.

The recent burning alive of a 31-year-old Kuki woman has further exacerbated the fragile situation. Manipur authorities have imposed curfews and cut off internet services, measures that have become disturbingly routine in this conflict-ridden state.

Who Are the Bnei Menashe?

The Bnei Menashe, or "Children of Menasseh," trace their lineage to one of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel exiled during the Assyrian conquest in 721 BCE. Their oral histories and religious practices suggest parallels with ancient Jewish customs, though anthropologists debate the historical veracity of their claims.

For centuries, the Bnei Menashe primarily identified with indigenous animist or Christian traditions. However, a religious revival in the mid-20th century, sparked by visions and dreams of a connection to ancient Israel, led to the adoption of Judaism among many community members. Rabbi Eliyahu Avichail, founder of the Amishav organization, officially named the group Bnei Menashe in the 1980s, cementing their place in the broader narrative of Jewish diaspora history.

Caught Between Worlds

Despite their aspirations, the path to acceptance in Israeli society remains fraught with challenges. While over 4,000 Bnei Menashe have successfully immigrated to Israel, roughly half the population still resides in India. Bureaucratic hurdles and questions surrounding their religious authenticity have slowed the aliyah process. Those who have settled in Israel have demonstrated extraordinary commitment, with nearly all men serving in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and many women engaging in national service.

However, integration into Israeli society has been uneven. Cultural differences, lingering skepticism about their Jewish identity, and economic challenges have created significant roadblocks. Yet, their contributions, particularly in military service, underscore their dedication to the state of Israel.

Manipur’s Ethnic Quagmire

The ongoing violence in Manipur has roots in historical inequalities and competing demands for political and social recognition. The Meitei majority, predominantly Hindu, seeks Scheduled Tribe status—a designation that affords affirmative action benefits. However, this demand has inflamed tensions with the Kuki, a predominantly Christian minority, who see the Meitei’s aspirations as a threat to their own fragile socio-economic position.

The Bnei Menashe, as members of the Kuki community, have been directly impacted by this strife. In 2023, over 2,000 members fled to the hills to escape the violence. The turmoil has not only endangered their lives but also disrupted their religious practices and education, further complicating their already precarious situation.

Global Implications and Israel’s Role

The plight of the Bnei Menashe has caught the attention of Israeli policymakers and Jewish organizations. MKs have called for expedited aliyah for the remaining community members in India. Organizations such as Shavei Israel and Amishav have worked tirelessly to provide religious education and facilitate their immigration.

For Israel, the Bnei Menashe represent a fascinating yet challenging intersection of historical legacy and contemporary geopolitics. Their aliyah highlights Israel's role as a homeland for the Jewish diaspora, but it also underscores the complexities of defining Jewish identity in a modern, multicultural context.

A Tale of Endurance and Hope

The Bnei Menashe’s story is a testament to human resilience and the enduring power of faith. In the face of violence, displacement, and skepticism, they continue to pursue their dreams of returning to what they believe is their ancestral homeland.

Yet, their future hangs in the balance. As Manipur grapples with ethnic unrest and as debates about their place in Israeli society persist, the Bnei Menashe remain emblematic of the universal struggle for identity, belonging, and peace in a world fraught with division.

For the Bnei Menashe, the dream of aliyah is not merely a religious aspiration—it is a lifeline. Whether that dream is fulfilled in their lifetime will depend on the actions of governments, communities, and individuals willing to embrace their unique journey.

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